自由词序、丰富格标记与大脑可塑性：德语句法与脑卒中后网络重组

王志轩 李林宣 宋昀锟

1 英国伦敦帝国理工学院，伦敦英国，SW7 2AZ；

2 广东外语外贸大学，广东广州，510000；

3 深圳市赛德教育学院，广东深圳，510000；

摘要：德语具有灵活的词序和丰富的格标记，这使形态-句法分析和工作记忆的负荷增加。本综述汇总了2021年至2025年的神经影像和临床证据，探讨这些语言压力如何既与成年人大脑语言连接组的组织结构相关，又与其在左侧外侧裂区卒中后的重新组织有关。扩散磁共振成像和基于fixel的分析结果一致显示，德语使用者的背侧额-颞-顶叶通路得到加强，特别是弓状束和上纵束。任务态和静息态fMRI显示，在句法挑战下左侧下额回有强烈参与，并且随着句法负荷增加，域通用网络和右半球网络亦协同合作。在失语症中，背侧纤维的完好预示非典型语序句子理解能力的恢复；当这些通路受损时，右半球同源区和胼胝体跨半球桥接的代偿招募能够支撑剩余的语法功能。纵向研究表明，语言治疗可以减轻卒中后纤维束萎缩、提高网络效率，而靶向未受损节点的无创神经调控手段能够进一步增强这些收益。我们认为，语言类型学是神经可塑性轨迹的重要调节因素，应指导评估、预后和干预。将类型学特征整合到针对德语（以及推而广之其他形态句法丰富语言）的精准康复中，为取得更佳疗效提供了有原则的途径，同时更清晰地解释了环境语言需求如何塑造成人大脑的连接组。

关键词：德语句法；自由词序；格标记；神经可塑性；弓状束；卒中后失语症；功能连接；扩散磁共振成像

参考文献

[1]Beber, S., Bontempi, G., Miceli, G., & Tettamanti, M. (2024). The neurofunctional correlates of morphosyntactic and thematic impairments in aphasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology Review, 34(4), 769–793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-024-09648-0.

[2]Braun, E. J., Braley, A., Mashima, P., et al. (2022). White matter microstructural integrity pre- and post-treatment in individuals with chronic post-stroke aphasia. Brain and Language, 222, 105008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2021.105008.

[3]Chen, X., Chen, L., Zheng, S., et al. (2021). Disrupted brain connectivity networks in aphasia revealed by resting-state fMRI. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 13, 666301. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.666301.

[4]Egia-Zabala, M., & Munarriz-Ibarrola, A. (2024). Language diversity and bi/multilingualism in aphasia research. Languages, 9(10), 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages9100325.

[5]Egorova-Brumley, N., Khlif, M. S., Werden, E., Bird, L., & Brodtmann, A. (2022). Grey and white matter atrophy 1 year after stroke aphasia. Brain Communications, 4(2), fcac061. https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcac061.

[6]Falconer, I., Varkanitsa, M., & Kiran, S. (2024). Resting-state brain network connectivity is an independent predictor of responsiveness to language therapy in chronic post-stroke aphasia. Cortex, 173, 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2023.11.022.

[7]Kourtidou, E., Kasselimis, D., Angelopoulou, G., et al. (2021). The role of the right hemisphere white matter tracts in chronic aphasic patients after damage of the language tracts in the left hemisphere. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 635750. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.635750.

[8]MacWhinney, B., Osmán-Sági, J., & Slobin, D. I. (1991). Sentence comprehension in aphasia in two clear case-marking languages. Brain and Language, 41(2), 234–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-934X(91)90154-S.

[9]Pregla, D., Lissón, P., Vasishth, S., Burchert, F., & Stadie, N. (2021). Variability in sentence comprehension in aphasia in German. Brain and Language, 222, 105008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2021.105008.

[10]Stockbridge, M. D., Faria, A. V., Fridriksson, J., Rorden, C., & Bonilha, L. (2023). Subacute aphasia recovery is associated with resting-state connectivity within and beyond the language network. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology, 10(9), 1525–1532. https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.51842.

[11]Wei, X., Adamson, H., Schwendemann, M., Goucha, T., Friederici, A. D., & Anwander, A. (2023). Native language differences in the structural connectome of the human brain. NeuroImage, 270, 119955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119955.

[12]Yeo, S. S., & Choi, E. B. (2022). Diffusion tensor tractography studies on recovery mechanisms of aphasia in stroke patients: A narrative mini-review. Brain Sciences, 12(11), 1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12111468.

[13]Yourganov, G., Keator, L. M., Basilakos, A., et al. (2021). Independent contributions of structural and functional connectivity to spoken language in post-stroke aphasia. Network Neuroscience, 5(4), 911–928. https://doi.org/10.1162/netn_a_00207.

[14]Zettin, M., Bondesan, C., Nada, G., & Dimitri, D. (2021). Transcranial direct-current stimulation and behavioral training, a promising tool for a tailor-made post-stroke aphasia rehabilitation: A review. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 769185. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.769185.

[15]Zhang, J., Zheng, W., Shang, D., et al. (2021). Fixel-based evidence of microstructural damage in crossing pathways improves language mapping in post-stroke aphasia. NeuroImage: Clinical, 31, 102774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102774.