从否定问题评估吉伯德式语义学的表现 

焦若愚 

苏州大学，江苏省苏州市，215127； 

摘要：否定问题作为弗雷格-吉奇问题的分支，对于非认知主义者来说十分棘手，吉伯德方案作为一种成熟的仿 实在论（quasi-realism）也面临着这方面的质疑。在诸多质疑中，唯独尼古拉斯·厄温（Nicholas Unwin）和 詹姆斯·德雷尔（James Dreier）的被吉伯德点名直接做出回应。这篇文章聚焦于否定问题，做出以下四点贡献 （并非按照论文行文顺序展示）：第一，试着讨论吉伯德的批评者有哪些论证没有他们设想的那样有效，比如过 于琐碎、有过强的预设或者模糊的定义；第二，在将这些针对吉伯德的论证整理清晰之后，甚至会发现这些论证 甚至比作者们自己设想的还要有效——不仅适用于吉伯德甚至可以扩展到所有非认知主义；第三，进一步补充批 评者没有发现的吉伯德式语义学关于否定问题的漏洞,甚至比厄温和德雷尔指出的漏洞还要严重；第四，吉伯德 在对相关问题做出回应时，有些回应只是一笔带过，而本文将会展开进行论证，此外吉伯德的有些回应方式并不 是唯一的回应方式，本文也会进行补充。 

关键词：非认知主义；弗雷格-吉奇问题；吉伯德式语义学；否定问题 

参考文献

[1] Allan Gibbard ,Thinking how to live [M].Cambridge, Harvard University Press,2003.

[2] Allan Gibbard, Wise choice, Apt feelings, A Theory of Normative Judgment [M].Cambridge：Harvard University Press，1990．

[3] Nicholas Unwin ,Norms and negation a problem for Gibbard’s logic [J].The Philosophical Quarterly,2001, Vol. 51, No. 202.

[4]在“Norms and negation a problem for Gibbard’s logic”的几个比较重要的式子的原文如下：

(a)对应“It is not the case that: according to n, it is obligatory that p (briefly: it is not n-obligatory that p) ”

 (b)对应“ According to n: it is not the case that it is obligatory that p (briefly: it is n-not-obligatory that p)”

[5] Allan Gibbard, Thinking how to live [M]. Cambridge, Harvard University Press,2003.

[6]Allan Gibbard, Reply to Critics[J]. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, University of Michigan,2006, Vol. LXXII.

[7] Allan Gibbard ,Thinking how to live [M].Cambridge, Harvard University Press,2003.

[8] James Dreier, Disagreeing (about) What to Do: Negation and Completeness in Gibbard’ s Norm-Expressivism*[J]. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research , Brown University, May 2006,Vol. LXXII, No. 3.

[9]本文有时会表述为“与她A关于A的计划分歧”，并不加以区分，因为“disagree”既可翻译为分歧又可以翻译为反对，正如“disagreement”。此外，“与…分歧”等于反对。

[10] Allan Gibbard, Reply to Critics[J]. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, University of Michigan,2006, Vol. LXXII.

[11] James Dreier, Disagreeing (about) What to Do: Negation and Completeness in Gibbard’ s Norm-Expressivism*[J]. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research , Brown University, May 2006,Vol. LXXII, No. 3.

[12] Allan Gibbard, Reply to Critics[J]. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, University of Michigan,2006, Vol. LXXII.

作者简介：焦若愚（1997年-），男，汉，山东济南，硕士研究生，研究方向：元伦理学。