How do ESMA Affect Learning Engagement? An Empirical Study Based on SOR Theory 
Jigang Ma1  Ping Wang2（corresponding author）

1 Kaifeng Vocational College, Kaifeng, 475100；

2 School of Economics and Management Zhengzhou Technology and Business University, Zhengzhou, 451400；

Abstract: Objectives: This study explores the relationship between social media usage and learning engagement and the mechanisms behind it

Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 727 university students. Statistical equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses based on the SOR model.

Results: The results revealed that ESMA had a direct impact on both learning engagement and sleep disturbance among university students. However, the relationship between ESMA and these outcomes was mediated by immersive experiences. Furthermore, sleep disturbance did not directly affect learning engagement, and ESMA influenced learning engagement through sleep disturbance. This study explores the relationship between social media usage and academic engagement and the mechanisms behind it.

Conclusions: The study provides empirical evidence for how new media affects learning and sleep among university students. Educators and administrators should consider guiding students in the appropriate use of social media, such as short videos, to minimize negative impacts on their learning and sleep.

Keywords: ESMA; Sleep disturbance; Immersive experience; Learning Engagement; SOR theory

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